INDONESIA : CRISES, REFORM, GLOBALIZATION AND SMEs

A.    Introduction
The shake of monetary crisis that developed into the economic
and multidimensional crisis attacking, Indonesia, in the last five years
has increasingly made us aware of the role of small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) including co-operatives in our national life. We
are greatly indebted to the three pillars of the grass root economy
known  “as people economy”1, since the middle of  1997, when the
horrible crisis hit Asian including Indonesia. Since that we realised
that the government policies in the past emphasizing on the economic
growth  by  giving  various  facilities  as  well  as  indulgence  to  big
businesses so-called conglomerates resulted a lot problems and need
to be corrected.
The worsened Indonesia’s economic condition of 1997 beside by the sudden monetary crisis also due to long drought affected the agricultural sector. With the crisis that struck in the Asian region, SMEs  were  also  so  affected  that  resulted  to  weakening  of  their activities and capabilities to compete and grow. Though not worsened than big enterprises, the existence of SMEs is still better than the big one.  Compared  with  other  Asian  countries  such  as  South  Korea, Malaysia,  the  Philippines,  and  Thailand,  the  effect  of  crisis  in Indonesia seems likely the worst.
Furthermore,  the  most  severely  affected  countries,  namely Indonesia and Thailand real GDP growth has turned abruptly from over 7 per cent per annum to zero or negative. Indonesia experiences a free-fall from 8 per cent in 1996 to 4.6 per cent in 1997 and to minus 13 per cent in 1998. Since 1999, Indonesia has slowly recovered from the  crisis.  From  that  year,  the  growth  of  Indonesia’s  economy becoming  positive,  though  still  progressing  slowly.  Last  year, Indonesia’s economy has grown  3.5 per cent and this year is also predicted around that number.
The Asian financial crisis which has global character has also
influenced capital market, namely stock market and real estate market.
The fall in equity and other asset prices further depressed aggregate
domestic demand which in turn pushed down household consumption
expenditures  and  income.  Coupled  with  continuous  instability  in
exchange rate, the fall in asset values adversely affected the health of
banks  and  non-bank  financial  institutions.  The  implication  is  that
nonviable financial institutions had to be closed down.
In Indonesia, from around 235 banks available in the pre-crisis
period, the Central Bank closed down 16 private banks in November
1997. Other banks have been suspended in March 1998 and around 45
banks in April 1998 have been put under control and strict supervision
by a newly establishing government agency in charge of banking
reform so-called Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA). In
March 1999, 38 more banks have been closed down, 9 banks have
been  recapitalized  and  some  banks  have  been  put  under  strict
supervision. This process has been continued until recently. We are
hoping to have strong and viable bank institutions in the future.
The crisis has affected not only financial institutions, but also
real sectors, especially big companies and the state budget. In general,
as mentioned above, the crisis has brought about a contraction in
Indonesia’s economic growth, high inflation rate, the fall of Rupiah
value of almost 80 per cent against the US dollar, high interest rate
and bankruptcy of many private companies. This phenomenon has
also brought a social impact, characterized by the fall of real wages
and incomes, greater unemployment and the increase of poverty.

B.   SMEs And Economic Crisis
Small  and  Medium  Enterprises  (SMEs),  as  other  developed
countries recognise, have been notified as an engine of economic
growth, job creation, and vehicle for equal income distribution. In
addition, during the crisis hit Indonesia since the middle of  1997,
SMEs  showing  their  significant  role  to  the  growth  of  economy.
Particularly, in 2000 with the growth of 4.7 per cent is recognized
because of the role of aggregate consumption growth which reflect the
strong support of the small economic undertaking. The remaining
question is that whether the role of small and medium enterprises   in
Indonesia can be expected to be engine of growth in the long run.
Since the total numbers of SMEs are in particular very huge have contributed significantly to GDP and employment in particular, as well as their existence in all over regions of the country have made them  to  potentially  become  a  strategic  pillar  for  the  Indonesian economy through their products and services in distribution. They can also be powerful institutions for improving income distribution in the framework of effort to eradicate poverty.
Further  information,  total  number  of  SMEs  in  Indonesia
including micro enterprises in 2000 is predicted around 40 millions or
99.99 per cent of total establishments. Although nearly 39 million of
which or about 97 percent of small enterprises are micro enterprise
with an annual sales of less than Rp. 50 million. The coverage of SME
in Indonesia include all economic undertaking including agriculture
Therefore SME in Indonesia cover SMI and services plus agriculture
and extractive sector. They contribute not less than 55 per cent to total
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employee more than 74.3 million
workers or  99.4 per cent of the total available labor absorption in
2000. The agricultural sector has the largest employment provider
with the amount of 32 million workers or 42.9 per cent, followed by
trading, hotels, and restaurants in the amount of 18.4 million workers
or 24.7 percent.
SMEs in developed countries, like USA, Japan, Canada, and Italy, have become one of the backbones of their economy. In the early 90s in the European Union - excluding agriculture and fisheriesthere are 15.8  millions undertaking,  of which  99.9 per cent were SMEs  and  some  14.5 million  micro  enterprises  (0-9  workers),  of which 7 millions without any employee (Moussis, 1994).This finding support the argument that the existence of small and micro enterprises are not the transitory phenomenon.
SMEs presence in economic development is by reality in the
field that within the attack of horrible economic crisis the existence of
SMEs is prominently very strong because of flexibility and must for
survival. Our survey     shows that only 4% of SMEs has closed down
its activities, 31% has reduced its activities, 64% no-change, and 1%
even has been growing well particularly to those SMEs oriented in
agribusinesses and export oriented products  (such as clove, coffee,
cocoa,  and  the  fishery  products).  In 2001,  the  ADB  Technical
Assistant has also conducted a survey in Medan and Semarang to identify the impact of crisis to SMEs. Its survey shows that 78 per cent of SMEs saying that there is no strong impact of crisis to their businesses.
The process of recovery is appeared better over present and last
year give strong expectation that by the end of this year the aggregate
indicator of Indonesia’s economy will back into the level of pre crisis.
However   there   are   structural   shift   where   big   company   in
manufacturing  sector  will  remain  the  prime  contributor  on  value
added  formation  of  nearly  reach    19%,  while  crisis  hits  only
temporary. On the other hand the back bone of grass root economy
that is agricultural sector remain in the second place, but the increase
in share the GDP during 1998-1999 has over, and decline to the level
of pre crisis.  This evidence seem to support  that there will be a
continuing process of declining share of agricultural sector in GDP as
experienced during the period of pre crisis. For the purpose of looking
at effect and response of different size of enterprise is appear in figure
1. The figure indicate that the monetary crisis hit SE less and quick to recover while big business responded slower. The medium business level seems suffer longer than the other groups.


represented  by  small  enterprise  experienced  the  same  path  as
agricultural sector with its contribution to GDP remain above 11 %
although  has  declined  compared  with  its  contributions  during  the
crises of 1999. The big mining sector has survived and shift the role of
the SMEs in the trading sector to become the third contributor to
GDP, while services sector of big business has back to its position
during pre crisis.   The big business in the mining sector, electric and
gas has gained from the rationalization of subsidy by the government
through adjustment in prices paid by consumers. Therefore there are
big shifts in their contribution to GDP. The middle sector or medium
enterprise has worsened and can not be expected to be come the
engine of growth and locomotive for reform in the near future. Unless
there are significant effort to bring them into its competitive level.
The above analysis saying that SMEs can not be neglected in
economic development, though their contribution to export is still
very  low  compare  to  the  big  enterprises.  In 2000,  SMEs  had
contributed on export around IDR.438,853 billions, which is 2.94 per
cent contributions of small enterprises and 11.76 percent contributions
of medium enterprises. It means that contribution of SMEs in export
was only 14.7 percent and this was much smaller than contribution of
big enterprises which reached 85.3 percent. The lower performance of
the share of SMEs in export is partly due to the dominant role of oil
and gas and plantation agriculture products, which are belong to big
companies mainly state owned enterprises (Pertamina and PTP). On
the other hand exporting required better quality of services and evolve
high risks make limitation to SME to participate in.
When a comparison been made on the SME sectors for the
period  of 1997  representing  a  situation  of  pre  crisis  and 2000
representing the end of crisis (see table 1), there are several important
findings.  Firstly,  the  number  of  small  business  increase,  but  the
medium business decreases meaning that the crisis hit more on middle
class. Many finding suggest that grass root economy are not much
affected  by  the  crisis  and  ever  some  sector  enjoy  growth,  hence
Indonesia is essentially has been facing monetary crisis not economic
crisis (Mubyarto  2001).  Secondly,  relatively  contribution  of  small
sector to GDP is unstable since its dependence on agricultural sector
and service sectors which has lower value added per enterprise or per
worker. Thirdly, share in export has improved in small sector but
decline in the middle sector. Fourthly, the crisis hits the big sector
only temporary and the middle sector has been facing serious problem
at  all  levels  of  production,  finance  and  export.  Fifthly,  the
employment creation remain dependent on small sector constraint the
effort to improve productivity. These evidence suggest that the role
SMEs is more on the employment provider and temporary safe guard
rather than an engine of growth like what happening in other country.
If SMEs are expected to be an important to growth, employment and
export a comprehensive policy should be adopted
C.    Early Reform And New Economic Format

On  May    21,    1998  presidential  succession  has  occurred,
continued with the formation of a development reform cabinet. It is
the beginning of reform era, expected to be able to rectify various
matters  which  are  considered  in  contradictory  to  democratic
principles, people’s orientation and transparent implementation. The
first cabinet under Mr. B.J. Habibie as the President was not long
lasting.  However,  during  his  administration  many  fundamental
changes have been made. At least there are three important changes
that could be considered as a corner stone to the future democratic
Indonesia.  These  are: (1)  the  move  toward  democratization  thrue
democratic multi parties’ election, (2) enactment and implementation of the law on district autonomy or decentralization, and (3) reposition of central bank and the banking sector as an independent institution in relation with the government. The separation of fiscal responsibility and monetary authority brought significant impact on modalities of government support to certain sectors of economy such as agriculture. The reform has been kept continuing by the administration of Presiden Wahid and President Megawati by considering the necessary step to make the process of recovery can be speed up.
Learning from many countries’ experiences, people believe that our  SMEs  will  also  be  able  to  become  the  backbone  for  our economy. In order to achieve this mission, its feld the need to shift the paradigm of economic development. While in the past the emphasis our the achievement of aggregate economic growth led by supportive policy in favor of economic conglomeration. In the future, it should be a  broad  based  economy  by  strengthening  participation  of  people, promotion human dignity and self-reliance. The new economic policy will put emphasis on development at district level as the basis for economic development and resources-based-oriented industry as part of our commitment toward decentralization.
The  new  economic  format  is  aimed  at  creating  a  sound
economic  fundamental  based  on  market  friendly  system  with  the
necessary   regulations   to   prevent   SMEs   from   unfair   market
competition. Even though the new economic format seems to be in
favor or SMEs, it does not ignore the role of the big businesses,
because transparency on the rules of the games and independence
between political authority and economic activities will be the basic
principles for guiding economic policy in the future as being set out by law on banking, law on anti monopoly, bankruptcy etc. All of the said efforts is part of improving the consciousness on good corporate governance.
This  new  economic  paradigm  is  also  expected  to  spur  the
growth of SMEs in the country.  In our view medium enterprises
particularly, have a strategic function to balance the wide gap between
big and  small  enterprises in  the national  economic  structure.  The
economic  policy,  particularly  SME  development  policy,  should
clearly recognize the twin objectives of growth and export orientation
on the one level, and poverty reduction on the other hand which also
required   appropriate   policy   instrument   and   implementations.
Therefore, they have an important role in strengthening the national
economy, while at the same time address social concerns.

D.     Globalization : Challenges And Opportunities
As one of the WTO members, a lot of efforts, policies and programs  have  been  enacted  in  line  with  the  WTO  agreements. Recognizing the position of Indonesia as a developing country, we feel still a lot of things to do in order to cope with and adjust with the era of globalization. The worldwide trend of globalization and trade liberalization which is characterized by strong competition has created many challenges and opportunities to firms in general.
In today’s environment, there is increasing pressure for firms to operate trans-nationally. The simultaneous liberalization programs of different countries have opened up their domestic markets enabling foreign products to compete against local ones. Firms must now strive to  be  competitive  and  cannot  depend  on  sheltering  barriers  of protection.  But just as  firms  might now be threatened by foreign competition, they now have the opportunities to compete in foreign markets. They can now hope to penetrate export markets on the merit and strength of their companies and products without being frustrated by structural preferences for local firms.
The globalization trend does not just apply to the opening of markets  and  the  consequent  broadening  of  potential  sales.  The globalization trend is also apparent in the production and operations aspects of economy.
Many  of  our  consumer  products  are  in  integration  of
components manufactured in production facilities spread throughout
several nations. This is especially apparent in the automotive and
electronics  industries.  And  recently  it  is  also  applicable  to  the
furniture  industry,  where  auxiliary  system  are  there  while  SMEs
remain the main player. This is also evident in some service industries
where facilities for programming, claims processing, encoding, and
technical  support  are  located  in  countries  other  than  where  the
consumers  or  users  are.  The  globalization  of  production  and
operations  has  enabled  many  firms  to  exploit  the  competitive
advantages and resources uniquely present in different countries.
The impact of globalization and trade liberalization on SMEs in
Indonesia is complicated the government policy in response to the
economic crisis. Due to the crisis Indonesia has liberalized certain
sector or commodities faster than the schedule of commitment under
WTO Indonesia has set a schedule of implementation that care enough
to the stages of changes. However, the new policy package under IMF
agreement through several     letters of intent has brought faster track
that suffering a certain sector such as agriculture those used to be
under close protection and involve massive players. Other SME that
dependent from lower cost of import which able to offset the effect
the fall in rupiah value. The problem of Indonesia is more on the
adjustment process, rather than the threat of the trade liberalization,
since indicated by the degree of openness of the economy as by total
trade already high, that is approximately 55% of GDP.

E.    SMEs Development Strategy
In  order  to  strengthen  the  role  of  SMEs  in  export  and  in
economic development in general, the government has tried to focus
the  issue  of  SMEs  development  on  three  main  aspects  namely:
promotion  conducive  business  environment,  financial,  and  non-
financial supports including industrial linkages aspects. On conducive
business environment, the government tries to develop level playing
field for all businesses to compete in the market place. On this aspect,
some laws and other regulations may need to be revised or developed.
In addition, the government is also trying to simplify procedure and
mechanism for business licensing through one stop services. Recently
harmonization of local regulation to meet the national object we are
also increasing important.
On financial aspect, SMEs need to be given wider opportunities
to access to sources of credits, particularly banking institutions. For
this  purpose,  not only  regulations  and  credit  schemes  need  to  be
developed, but also improve the capability of SMEs utilizing banking
credit. Since most of SMEs are lacking in collateral, which is very
important for banking institutions as one of the criteria of customer
selections,  therefore  it  needs  to  have  so-called  credit  guarantee
institutions to back-up the necessary credit risk.   In addition, since of
those  total  SEs, 97.6  per  cent  are  micro  enterprises  and  very
impossible to access into banking credit, therefore the existence of
microfinance institutions, both banking and non banking institutions
are  also  very  important  to  be  promoted.  Being  largest  Moslem
population  country  Indonesia  has  put  serious  concern  on  the
promotion of   Shariah banking both at national and local level. It is
also extended with existence of Shariah non bank financial institution
such as cooperatives and BMT or house of wealth and thrift.
In  order  to  support  the  development  of  the  economy,  the
government has adopted a policy on continuation of handling carry
over financial support credit program, that is for agricultural sector
coordinated by Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), property sector under
Bank BTN and other credits for cooperatives and SMEs under PT.
Permodalan Nasional Madani. This interim tasks is aimed at providing
smooth process into new banking format particularly, law on central
bank. Hence up to a present time this system still in operation, but
government do not put any additional fund to the program.
At present intensive coordination between Central Bank and the
Government  to utilize the banking business plan to support SME
promotion are oriented toward expansion of employment. It is also
oriented  to  promote  the  poverty  alleviation  program  through
productive activities. This program will be financed through micro
financial institution. The government provide extensive program for
capacity building of the poor. The amount of total credit for SME and
micro  credit  for 2002,  is  estimated 27,641  billion  rupiah.  This
program is expected to spur the recovery of the economy and speed up the reduction of the poor. Harmonization of credit type and institution in accordance with the target group car be seen in table 2. All of the program are implemented in accordance with the existing banking regulation and not evolve any government subsidy.
Lastly, on non-financial including industrial linkages aspect,
there are some issues needs to be addressed, such as: (a) strengthening
of coordination among SME promotion policies, (b) strengthening of
administrative  capacity  of  local  government, (c)  strengthening  of
monitoring  and  assessment  of  SME  promotion  measures,     (d)
implementation  of  comprehensive  policies  for  the  promotion  of
supporting industry,  (e) creating dynamic clusters for strengthening
international competitiveness, and (f) measures for export promotion.
For  the  development  of  international  competitiveness,  the
promotion of dynamic SMEs clusters, starting in  2001, have been
adopted. In 2001 around 213 clusters and this year (2002) will be
extended  to     332  another  clusters.  Since  the  existence  of  SMEs
business cluster, both manufacturing industry and non manufacturing
industry, still at early stage it is important to recognize the stage of cluster  from  being  survival,  mature  and  advance.  The  approach, modalities of support and instruments will be made in accordance to the principle of market driven with the aim of developing strong integrated cluster.
In  order  to  develop  these  clusters,  support  for  business development   services   has   been   introduced   as   non   financial component.  The  objective  providing  non-financial  support  among others are to give assistance of businesses consultancy, information, advocacy, and other developing network for SME development in the clusters. In addition, to support the SME’s finance, the government also  launched  initial  matching  fund  through  saving  and  loan cooperatives under the supervision of commercial bank. Integrated support to SME in the cluster will serve as stimulus for dynamising SMEs in the respective areas.

F.    Agenda For Future Actions
Despite the intensive competition in the political sphere due to
the democratization process, some economic indicators reveal that
economic  recovery  in  sight.  Indonesia  has  much  potential  for
economic recovery. However, we must not be overly optimistic that
the  turn  around  will  continue  without  considerable  further  policy
reform. Large risks and potential fluctuations in economic conditions
still lie ahead.
The most urgent priority is to sustain the recent trend towards
macro economic stabilization. It should be achieved in the short term,
by  continuing  the  current  approach  of  flexible  exchange  rates,
targeting of base money and maintaining a budget stimulus. Such an
approach is needed in the next few years to offset the collapse in
private demand and to protect vulnerable groups through social safety
net needs to be ensured through well-designed and targeted programs.
These require clear priorities of the target groups to minimize the
budgetary burden. Other components include: placing sunset clauses
on subsidies of special treatment, avoiding the entrapments of populist
policies,  and  prioritizing  needs  for  government  support  for  bank
restructuring.  However  efficient  micro  enterprising  and  SME  in
general  must  be  continued  under  the  objective  national  economic
policy.
Government   spending   should   remain   subject   to   fiscal discipline, mindful of the possible inflationary effects that would, in turn, affect the monetary targets. Some revenue may be raised from the disposal of some state-owned enterprises, but significant budget deficits  will  still  be  unavoidable  in  the  next  few  years.  Non inflationary  financing  of these  deficits  will be possible only  with substantial external support.
Beyond stabilization there are two priorities to restore growth.
The first priority is the issue of restructuring of banking and the
corporate  sector.  It  is  clear  that  public  funds  will  be  needed  to
restructure the banking sector. The most urgent need is to recapitalize
the viable banks so that normal banking activities can be resumed as
soon  as  possible.  As  stated  above,  9  banks  were  recapitalized  in
March 1999. Other issues related to growth and development would
be addressed in an open and transparent manner, taking into accounts
the principles of justice and fair distribution.   These include dealing
with the troubled banks, non performing loans, and asset management
of owners of the banks and debt to pay back to the government.
The second priority is to accelerate export growth. The sharp
devaluation of the Rupiah has led to a substantial improvement in
Indonesia’s competitiveness, in spite of the limited export response.
More needs to be done to remove administrative constraints and to
supply adequate working capital for potential exporters. I believe that
production  and  export  costs  can  be  reduced  by  further  trade
liberalization. An acceleration of trade liberalization by Indonesia,
therefore, should be equally responded by its trading partners. In this
context, renewed protectionism measures in various forms such as
anti-dumping measures, safeguards and subsidies should be avoided.
Economic growth must also lead to grater equity. To achieve
this objective, measures that are, economically sound and politically
acceptable  should  be  ensured.  While  direct  subsidies  targeted  to
eradicate poverty are important part of the policy response to the crisis, the strengthening of market mechanisms is critical element in the promotion of equity specific initiatives should include:
•  maintaining and improving communications and transport linked •  dismantling monopolies
•  reducing administrative constraints to internal  trade
•  reducing  high  transaction  costs  facing  small  and  medium-size
    enterprises (SMEs)
In current era of political openness it is important that measures which are supposedly designed to promote equity are not political favors to selected groups.  Otherwise, these can ruin  economic  stability  and jeopardize incentives and growth, and thus, increase the poverty level and inequality.
Many more issues will also arise in the next few years. One
challenge  is  to  maintain  the  momentum  in  augmenting  social
overhead capital. In addition, substantial investment is required in
human resources to improve the institutional capacity of agencies
entrusted  with  the  implementation  and  monitoring  of  policies  for
recovery and reform. In this regard, the most critical need is to ensure
that Bank Indonesia and other relevant agencies are able to safeguard
the soundness of restructured financial sector in the future.
We believe that the empowering the grass root economy, it is crucial to give the opportunity for SMEs to have improved access and maintain  legal  requirements  of  productive  asset.  The  ownership concept and productive asset management are in line with the concept to ownership limitation defined on business competition law, focusing on structural regulation, behavior limitation and performance towards monopoly. These concepts are also in line with privatization of Stateowned Company (BUMN), to avoid economic centralization and to give wider participation to private sectors including employee though employee ownership program (ESOP).
Even though cooperative’s and SMEs partially have succeed in
showing  successful  achievements,  but  weakness  in  one  part
challenges  and  in  another part  are  still  found.  Main  weakness  of
cooperative is poor relation between members and its cooperatives
and  low  educational  attainment  while  at  the  some  time  to  many
cooperative engage in multi purpose societies lock of focus and found
difficulty in the maintenance of its principle is business. Facing the
third  millennium  period,  which  is  characterized  by  globalization process, there will be a trend of making interaction process among economic practices become transparent. There is nothing to be hidden but  a  bit  part  of  anything  due  to  have  not  been  communicated properly.  The  era  is  free  trade,  demanding  capability  of  selfadaptation  of  every  economic  practice,  with  no  exception  to cooperative’s and SMEs.
It  needs  to  have  by  various  cooperative’s  and  SMEs
development policies which are more straightforward and oriented to
micro and local productive resources utilization in line with effective
effort strategy description. One of development focuses which can be
carried out is the improvement in quality of cooperative’s human
resources in managing cooperatives in order to utilize external factors.
Cooperative should be viewed as a suitable mechanisms in organizing
the  economy  of  micro  undertaking  with  special  focus  on  micro
financing.
The  most  critical  factor  hinder  the  SME  development  is
productivity improvement. To address this problem systematic effort
such as clustering strategy and technology support will be crucially
important. In this regard concentration on viable SMEs will help to
identify  competitive  SMEs  as  the  pilar  for  the  economy.  While
serving  the  need  for  poverty  reduction  micro  finance  program
combined with community development will ensure self sustaining
program for poverty alleviation in a productive manner.
G.    Concluding Remark
The existence of SME in Indonesia, these include SMI, services
agricultural  sector  and  micro  enterprises,  poses  a  very  strategic
position in employment and value added formation as well as their
role in safe guarding the economy during the crises. However strong
competitive  SMEs,  particularly  export  oriented  upper  small  and
medium  enterprises  are  deemed  important.  Effective  clustering
combined with harmonized micro financial and banking development
will  meet  the  objective  of  growth,  competitiveness  and  poverty
reduction.


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